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| » Route of an Evil |
| Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide |
Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) is created from a secret/patented process of generating pure ClO2 in a controlled fashion. It has the appearance of water yet it holds the potential to release chlorine dioxide, a safe compound that oxidizes organisms and does not create harmful by-product, once activated.
Stabilized ClO2 is an oxidizing agent. Its unique oxidation process results in several beneficial actions such as destroying micro-organisms and eliminating odors.
Stabilized ClO2 is where ClO2 gas is retained in an aqueous solution. There are several methods whereby this is achieved. Once in solution, it is immediately in ionic form, producing chlorates, chlorites, oxygen, chlorine, and hypochlorous acid. As the pH is lowered, it reverts to ClO2 and becomes a strong oxidizing agent. |
| History of ClO2 |
ClO2, otherwise known as Chlorine Dioxide, was originally discovered in the late 19th century. The first known commercial process for preparing chlorine dioxide gas was developed in the 1930's, and its use as a bleaching agent expanded rapidly in the industrial sector. In 1941 the oxidizing power of chlorine dioxide was first used for taste and odor control in a water treatment plant in Niagara Falls, New York. The successful use of ClO2 as a water disinfecting agent in New York led to the rapid expansion of its use for this purpose. ClO2 is now widely used in watertreatment, primarily for taste and odor control.
ClO2 has been used in water purification for over fifty years and has been certified safe by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ClO2 in mouthrinses, toothpastes and gels are totally safe for use in the mouth and solves many of the problems inherent in these competitive oral hygiene products.
In the right concentration, ClO2 can be very effective. It has been shown by independent research labs and universities to be extremely effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, viruses and other microbial agents. Both gram positive and gram negative organisms display susceptibility to the oxidizing power of ClO2. This includes such common problem organism as salmonella and pseudomonas which all too often are encountered in food and beverages industry. Problem yeast along with most slime producing molds and fungal contaminants are also readily destroyed by the biocidal action of ClO2. The very low toxicity and the ease of use make ClO2 an extremely valuable tool in a complete system of cleaning and sanitation for produce, food and beverages processing plants.
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| Benefits of ClO2 in Durafresh |
- Oxidizes single-cell organisms: bacteria, germs, viruses, fungi, spores, yeast, mold, and mildew.
- Eliminates all odors. ClO2 doesn't merely cover odors; it oxidizes the bonds in sulfur compounds that cause halitosis, destroying the cause of bad breath and odors at the molecular level.
- Safe for children. Used as recommended, it is non-toxic to human and animal tissue.
- Non-Carcinogenic, does not cause cancer.
- Non-Mutagenic; organisms can't mutate to destruction.
- Non-Allergenic; no allergic reactions recorded.
- Biodegradable.
- US EPA registered and recommended. (#9804)
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| ClO2 and Mouth Problems |
| DENTAL DECAY OR CARIES |
Decay occurs when bacterial plaque attaches to the exposed tooth surface. Living in bacterial plaque, Streptococcus mutans, a species of bacteria, produces acid which attacks the minerals in enamel, cementum, and dentin. This leads to the destruction we know as dental decay or caries. A specially formulated chlorine dioxide (ClO2) toothpaste helps remove plaque and prevent its return.
Starting with a clean tooth, the first step in plaque formation is the attachment to exposed tooth surfaces of carbohydrate-protein molecules that come from saliva. The dental literature calls this pellicle. Chemists call it glycoprotein.
Bacteria stick to the pellicle and add to its volume by converting sugar into complex carbohydrates. Bacteria can live and use the carbohydrates and glycoproteins for nutrients. The ClO2 can chemically destroy these glycoproteins and complex carbohydrates. This leaves an environment that is less conducive to the caries process. |
| ORAL MALODOR |
Periodontal diseases, gingivitis, and periodontitis are associated with bacterial plaque, but the process is very different.
All tissues of the mouth are covered with epithelial cells. These cells are a little different from the epithelial cells that make up your skin, but they are of the same family of cells. Both oral epithelium and skin epithelium are constantly being worm away by friction and use, but nature takes care of us by rapidly replacing our epithelial cells. Those cells that attach gingival (gums) to our teeth are, in health, replaced every two to four days. Research has shown that when inflammation is present, the rate of epithelial cell replacement is increased up to as little as six hours.
In a healthy mouth, these dead epithelial cells are shed into saliva, swallowed, and digested fast enough that they don’t putrefy and give the patient bad breath. When, in inflammation, these cells are shed at a faster rate, many remain in the mouth and degrade chemically into what are known as volatile sulphur compounds (VSC). These compounds cause Halitosis. This cellular debris encourages the growth of more bacteria, contributing to more disease. When they die, they degrade into chemicals, which can become VSC. The debris from epithelial cell and bacterial cell death become nutrients for further bacterial growth. It is a vicious cycle, wherein more cell death promotes more bacteria, which promote more cell death.
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) destroys this organicdebris. The most common use of ClO2 is in preparation of drinking water, particularly that which comes out of rivers in cities like St. Louis on the Mississippi River. First, the water is gassed with chlorine to kill the bacteria, but this leaves all the organic debris to make a tumbler of water seem unsafe. To remove these organic solutes, ClO2 is added to make the water clear and appear usable. In the same manner, the ClO2 gets rid of dead bacteria, dead epithelial cells, and food debris from the mouth. As in drinking water, this is also how ClO2 neutralizes the chemicals of bad breath.
Bad breath (malodor or halitosis) is caused by three chemical compounds that are the end degradation products of dead epithelial cells and dead bacteria. These compounds are: hydrogen sulphide (H-S-H) – 30%; methyl mercaptan (CH3-S-H) – 60%; and dimethyl sulphide (CH2-S-CH3) – 10%.
ClO2 produces oxygen, which chemically degrades the VSC by breaking the valence bonds with oxygen (O2) at the sulphur atoms. Thus 2H2S+3O2+2H2O+2SO2. The odor is not masked by a stronger odor. The bad smell is gone. |
| PERIODONTAL DISEASES |
The VSC play a primary role in the series of events, causing gingivitis and periodontitis. When VSC are absent, the toxins from bacteria do not cross the epithelial barrier. When the VSC are present, they alter the epithelial barrier, allowing the bacterial toxins to penetrate through the epithelium into the deeper tissues. These act as antigens to start the immune response, which starts the inflammatory reaction that cause tissue destruction to form periodontal pockets.
Methyl mercaptan (CH3-S-H) has an adverse effect on collagen, weakening the strength of the collagen strand. When exposed to methyl mercaptan for 24 hours, the process is reversible; when exposed for 48 hours or more, the process is irreversible.
The oxygen generated by ClO2 restores the oxygen in saliva and plaque. If oxygen is present, the anaerobic (non-oxygen users) bacteria cannot survive. Since the anaerobic bacteria are associated with periodontitis, reducing their growth potential helps prevent the formation of periodontal pockets and bone loss. |
| PATENT PROTECTION |
The FDA controls the therapeutic claims that a proprietary company may use in marketing. This does not apply to the relationship between a dentist of hygienist and the patient.
FDA has no jurisdiction over the practice of medicine.
The following explains the effect of Chlorine Dioxide and the therapeutic benefit, as recognized by the patent office. |
| Removal of 90% oral malodor |
| Splitting the sulphur bonds in H2S and CH3-S-DH3 neutralizes the odor. Competitive mouth rinses mask existing odor with a stronger odor. |
| Inhibition of pellicle formation |
| Dental plaque forms in sequential steps. Deviations are uncommon. These steps are: The Hydroxyapatite crystals of enamel, cementum, and dentin have positive polarity Sulphated glycoproteins from saliva and oral mucous glands have a negative polarity, and thus deposit as film on clen hydroxyapatite of the tooth surface. This is known as pellicle. Sulphated glycoproteins are destroyed by ClO2. The negatively charged pellicle attracts positively charged bacteria, usually S. sanguis, at first, with a secondary population of S. mutans. |
| S sanguis and S. mutans |
| These and other organisms have reduced motility and are killedat 99% in-vitro by 0.1% stabilized ClO2. |
| Glycosyltransferases |
| Both S. sanguis and S. mutans produce glycosyltransferases, enzymes that convert sucrose into glucose and fructose. These are subsequently converted into long-chain glucans (dextrans) and fructans (levans). Glycosyltransferases, which are glycoproteins, are destroyed by stabilized ClO2, inhibiting dextran formation. |
| Dextran |
| The principle component of aging dental plaque is dextran. This acts as a nutrient for bacteria and as a vehicle for most dental pathogens. Dextrans are split at carbon double bonds, reducing nutrient supply and anaerobic environment. |
| O2 Tension : Aerobic Bacteria |
S. sanguis and S. mutans are aerobic bacteria. These, with actinomyces and other aerobic species, use progressive amounts of oxygen derived from salivary fluids. Aerobic organisms in this plaque cause dental decay (S. Mutans) and gingivitis.
As plaque ages, the numbers of aerobic bacteria increase, reducing the amount of available oxygen. The O2 tension is lowered in the plaque mass and in the saliva (the O2 source). This causes a shift in the bacteria, reducing the number of aerobic organisms and permitting the anaerobic bacteria to invade and multiply. Oxygen tension in plaque mass is raised by O2 available from ClO2 when used as a mouth rinse, causing a reverse bacterial shift from anaerobic to aerobic. |
| Anaerobic Bacteria |
| The primary anaerobic bacteria present in plaque are the putative pathogens of periodontitis. Of special consideration are P. intermedius, P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and Actinobacillus actino-mycetemcomitans. These pathogens of periodontitis are killed by ClO2 at 0.1% in ten seconds in-vitro. |
| Mechanism of ClO2 Activity |
ClO2 is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known. Its redox capacity is greatest with compounds containing sulphur, and it is highly active with organic nitrogenous compounds and lipids when nitrogen or carbon has double bonds.
ClO2 is a highly effective germicide, viricide, and fungicide. It reduces bacterial motility. As a germicide, it is effective by the release of O2 to react with sulphur or nitrogen or carbon double bonds. It also produces HOCl, hypochlorous acid, a germicide used extensively during World War I and later, until antibiotics became available. |
| Stability |
| ClO2 is stable between pH of 6.5 to 8.0 with a shelf life claim at two to three years. |
| Toxicology |
Extensive studies with small animals, primates, and human volunteers reveal ClO2 does not cause skin or eye irritation. It is not a carcinogen. Fifty human volunteers at Ohio State University drank a ClO2 solution for twelve weeks and showed no clinical or laboratory changes of significance.
Toxicology studies have been submitted to the FDA, which reported no concerns regarding safety.
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| THE ROUTE OF ALL EVIL |
| BY CHRISTIAN MILLMAN |
For killer bacteria, the way to a man’s heart, brain, and bloodstream is through his mouth.
Farmers, cowboys, and other sensible men always examine a horse’s mouth before buying it. One good look can sum up the horse’s health history and even predict how long the old boy will live. A human mouth isn’t much different. Just look at John Elway.
“This horse test is based on the old ‘focal-infection theory’, which says that an oral infection affects the whole body,” says Raul G. Caffesse, D.D.S., of the University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center. It was the cause for lots of tooth pulling until the dentists abandoned the theory 40 years ago.
But the focal-infection theory is making a big comeback (minus the fun of the extractions). And now it’s supported by more than frontier hunches. In fact, there’s growing clinical evidence that small infections in your kisser may be a contributing factor to several diseases. Although the theories are still controversial, dentists and other physicians think that the following five afflictions may be related to your mouth. That makes five excellent reasons to buy some floss – now.
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| Heart Attacks |
Robert J. Genco, D.D.S., Ph.D., of the University of Buffalo, studied 1,372 people at the Cila River Indian community in Arizona and found that those with gum disease had triple the risk of heart attacks over a 10-year period. He believes that oral bacteria (there are 350 different types in your mouth) enter your bloodstream through small tears in your gums. The bacteria, Dr. Genco suggests, may infect your liver and cause it to produce artery-clogging proteins, or they may directly infect your heart arteries and somehow cause blockages. The exact mode of attack is still a mystery, he says, but Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria have been found in fatty arterial blockages that cause heart failure.
You’ve probably heard that oral bacteria can be especially dangerous to people who have heart disease. If you have an ailment involving the heart valves, such as mitral valve prolapse or a heart murmur, you may need to take antibiotics before receiving dental treatment, says Mark V. Thomas, D.M.D., of the University of Kentucky College of dentistry. Dental work dislodges bacteria and nicks your gums, sending a rush of germs into your bloodstream. That can cause bacterial endocarditis, an often fatal infection that strikes about 20,000 people each year.
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| Strokes |
| Men with gum disease could be destined for drooling. University of Buffalo researches surveyed the health histories of 9, 982 people from 25 to 75 and found that the 35 percent with severe gum disease were twice as likely to have had a stroke. Oral bacteria may cause fatty accumulations in the carotid arteries in your neck, causing blockages, says John Marler, M.D., of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. These little logjams in your brain break apart, float upstream, and lodge in your brain. And if a tiny chunk dams up a blood vessel, your dancing days are over. |
| Diabetes |
When a diabetic is fighting a bacteria infection, insulin works less efficiently. That can raise his blood-sugar level, says Perry R. Klokkevold, D.D.S., of the UCLA School of dentistry. If you’re battling diabetes—and about one in 17 Americans is—a gum infections can make managing the disease much tougher. When University of Buffalo researchers examined 168 diabetics, they found that those with periodontitis (severe gum disease) had the most trouble controlling their blood-sugar levels. That’s what eventually causes the kidney disease,heart disease, and blindness that plague diabetics.
Gum disease probably doesn’t directly cause diabetes, says Dr. Klokkevold. “This is a relatively new field of research, but we know that having gum disease will worsen diabetes,” says Christopher Saudek, M.D., a diabetes specialist at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland. “Peoplewith diabetes should be careful to keep their gums healthy.” And if you have both a gum infection and a family history of diabetes, get checked for diabetes immediately. |
| Ulcers |
| This point is still controversial, but some evidence suggests that the Helicobacter pylori Bacterium, which can cause stomach ulcers, resides in dental plaque, says Sherie Dowsett, D.D.S., of the Indiana University school of dentistry. She and her colleagues found that among 242 study subjects, 210 of them carried the bacteria in their mouths. IL Pylo may migrate down to your stomach and proceed to eat painful little holes, which is why we think every bottle of Pepto-Bismol should come with a free toothbrush. |
| Pneumonia |
With every breath, your lungs suck down a stew of bacteria, including Chlamydia pneumonide and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two bugs that cause respiratory diseases. Careful readers will have guessed one source: the plaque buildup around your teeth. Your immune system usually destroys these invaders. But when your resistance is low, such as during an illness or after surgery, they can infect your lungs and cause bacterial pneumonia, says Dr. Caffesse. This infection kills about 83,000 people a year.
“Get your teeth cleaned before you have surgery,” he advises. The day before surgery is best, but a week before is still helpful. And bug your parents to floss daily and visit the dentist every 6 months; they’re much more vulnerable to pneumonia than you are, young man.
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| MOUTH MAINTENANCE |
Floss and Scrape, or Die!
Avoid gum disease, premature death, and cruel comparisons to Gabby Hayes
Your gums don’t bleed when you brush? They’re not inflamed or receding? Not painful to the touch? Great. But you still may have gum diseases. That’s because periodontitis (and advanced form of a gum disease) often shows no symptoms. So let a dentist probe your pie-hole every 6 months as if your life depended on it, because it does. And follow the five tips below. They’ll help ensure that you won’t bite the dust with plastic teeth.
- Don’t be half assed about flossing. “Flossing is 10 times more important than brushing,” says Steven T. Bunn, D.D.S., a dentist in Alexandria, Virginia. The broad, flat surface of your teeth harbor few bacteria, but the unbrushablecrevices between teeth are loaded with garbage. If you won’t floss after every meal, at least do it once a day. But do it.
- Scrape, fool, scrape! Your tongue holds more bacteria than the floor of the men’s room at Grand Central Station. “If you don’t scrape your tongue after you brush your teeth, bacteria will instantly reinfest your mouth,” says Perry R. Klokkevold, D.D.S. Buy a tongue scraper at the drugstore and take a few good swipes every morning and night. “Brushing your tongue isn’t nearly as effective,” he says.
- Go dry. Brush your tongue isn’t nearly with a dry toothbrush once a day, advises Dr. Bunn. Research has shown that people who dry-brush have significantly less tartar buildup that people who brush with toothpaste. Use gentle side-to-side strokes in which the brush is half on the gums and half on the tooth.
- Prod yourself. Gum disease usually starts beneath the gum line, where brushing and flossing can’t reach. So use a “rubber-tip stimulator” says Dr. Klokkevold. After you floss and brush, trace the rubber tip beneath the gum line of every tooth. “Your gums may bleed and be a bit tender for the first few days,” Dr. Klokkevold says, but they they’ll toughen up and you’ll have destroyed whole nations of plaque.
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Bad breath typically originates in the mouth, often from the back of the tongue. In most cases, good professional oral care combined with a daily regimen and interdental cleaning, deep tongue cleaning anduse of an effective ClO2 mouth rinse will lead to improvement. Among the thousand subjects whom we have tested over the past years, there has not been a single instance in which the gastrointestinal tract appeared to be directly involved in oral malodor. Many of our subjects had undergone gastroscopies before coming to us.
Dr. Mel Rosenberg, School of Dental Medicine, University |
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